Table 3: Different varieties of A. marmelos

Name of Variety (Recommended area)	Developed at	Fruit size	Shape	Surface	Mucilage content	Seed	Pulp color
Narendra Bael-4 (Uttar Pradesh)	Minimum fruit weight, fruit length and fruit breadth.	---	---	---	---	---	---
Narendra Bael-5 (Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar Jharkhand)	---	Medium-sized (about 1 kg weight)	Round	Smooth	Low	Medium	Pale yellow
Narendra Bael-6 (Uttar Pradesh)	Narendra Dev Krishi College, Faizabad.	Medium-sized (about 600 g)	Round	smooth	Low	Maximum	---
Narendra Bael-7 (Uttar Pradesh)	---	More than 2.00 kg	Elliptical	Smooth	---	Maximum	Pale yellow
Narendra Bael-9 (Uttar Pradesh)	---	---	Ovate	Rough	High	Minimum	Dark yellow
Narendra Bael-16 (Uttar Pradesh)	---	Av. weight 1.3 kg	Elliptical, round	Rough	High	Maximum	Pale yellow
Narendra Bael-17 (Uttar Pradesh)	---	Oblong, big-sized	---	---	Low	Minimum	Yellow
Pant Bael-10 (Uttar Pradesh)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Pant Shivani (Uttarakhand)	Pant Nagar Krishi University.	More than 2.00 kg	Ovoid, oblong	Smooth	Medium	Maximum	Yellow
Pant Aparna (Uttarakhand)	Pant Nagar Krishi University.	Small size (0.6-0.8 kg),	Globose	Smooth	Low	Low	Yellow
Pant Sujata (Uttarakhand)	Pant Nagar Krishi University	Low (<0.1 kg)	Round	Rough	High	---	Yellow
Pant Urvashi (Uttarakhand)	Pant Nagar Krishi University	1.6 kg	Ovoid	Smooth	---	---	Dark yellow
CISHB-1(Lucknow)	Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, Lucknow.	Low (<0.1 kg)	Ovate	Smooth	---	---	Dark yellow
CISHB-2 (Lucknow)	Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture, Lucknow.	more than 2 kg	Elliptical	Smooth	High	---	Pale yellow

Table 4: Nutritive value of bael fruit (% or per 100g)

Components	Value (%)	Components	Value (%)
Water (moisture)	64.2	Potassium	0.6
Protein	1.8	Iron	0.3
Fat	0.2	Vitamin A (IU)	186
Mineral	1.5	Vitamin B₁	0.01
Fiber	2.2	Nicotinic acid	0.9
Carbohydrate	30.6	Riboflavin	1.2
Calcium	0.09	Vitamin C	0.01
Phosphorus	0.05	Calorific value	129

Table 5: Chemical composition of A. marmelos

Chemical class	Phytoconstituents
Coumarins	Marmelosin is the principal constituents existing in bael fruit gum. The coumarins class containing other components including marmin, alloimperatorin, xanthotoxol, scoparone, gummarmesin, imperatorin, methyl ether, scopoletin, umbelliferone, psoralen, and marmelide are present in A. marmelos. Marmenol, 7-geranyloxycoumarin has also been stated.
Alkaloids	Marmeline, dictamine, aegelin, aegelenine, fragrine are some alkaloids present in the bael tree.
Polysaccharides	Galactose, arabinose, uronic acid, and L-rhamnose are obtained on hydrolysis.
Seed oil	Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid.
Tannins	In January, more content of tannin in bael fruit was noted. There is as much as 9 percent tannin in the pulp of wild fruits and less in cultivated form. Also, tannin is present in leaves in form of Skimmianine.
Carotenoids	The pale color of the fruit is due to the presence of Carotenoids. Marmelosin, Skimmianine, and umbelliferone are the therapeutically main component of the bael plant.

Traditional uses:

Nearly whole parts of the bael tree are medicinally useful⁸ like flower, fruit pulp, leaves, root, stem bark, etc¹⁷. In this section, we have discussed the traditional uses of A. marmelos.

Leaves:

Leaves act as a mild laxative and are used for asthma. The leaf juice of bael is given in dropsy/abnormal accumulation of liquid in the cellular tissue followed by jaundice and constipation. The decoction of bael leaves is given to reduce elevated body temperature (fever) and is also preferred as an expectorant. In the case of irritation of the conjunctiva or other parts and bronchitis hot poultices are applied.

Root:

The alcohol is present in the root and sometimes the stem and bark are valuable in intermittent fever, also in hypochondrias, and palpitation of the heart. It is the root of the ingredients of Ayurvedic formulation Dasamoola, the standard for loss of appetite and puerperal diseases e.g. Inflammation of the uterus.

Flower:

The drug obtained after the distillation of flowers is used as a tonic for the intestine and stomach. Besides, it is used as an anti-dysenteric, antidiabetic, local anesthetic, and expectorant. It can be used in the case of epilepsy.

Fruit:

A. marmelos fruit is eaten during convalescence after diarrhea. It works as mild astringent and as anti dysenteric. The dry powder of fruit including mustard oil is used for treating burn cases. Fruits are also used in epilepsy, constipation, gastric troubles, and ulcer. The fruit is employed as a digestive brain and heart tonic, laxative, antiviral.

Ripe fruit:

The ripe fruit stimulates digestion and treats inflammation of the rectum. The ripe fruit extract showed antiviral activity against the Ranikhet disease virus. The pulp of ripe fruit is sweet, cooling, aromatic, and nutritive when taken fresh. Fresh juice has an unpleasant taste while pungent fruit extract is used to lowers blood sugar.

Unripe fruit:

The unripe fruit is used as a tonic, demulcent, digestive, and astringent. A concentrate of unripe fruit is astringent and used as an astringent in diarrhea and severe dysentery.

A. MARMELOS AS A PHARMACEUTICAL:

The immature fruits of A. marmelos, popularly contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, phenolics, carotenoids, coumarins, terpenoids, flavonoids, etc.¹⁸. Interestingly, the bael fruit gum (BFG) is described to contain a high content of d-galactose and glucuronic acid ie.,54.26% w/w and 20.8% w/w respectively ^[19]. Because of the existence of more d-galactose concentration BFG can be estimated to have well water solubility and water-retaining capacities. Together with more d-galactose and galacturonic acid content can be predicted to be very effective in granting high solubility of BFG, making it useful for several applications in the modification of drug release features and functional properties of food products¹⁹. Gums denote a category of natural polymers capable of forming extremely viscous aqueous solutions or dispersions. The bael gum indicates the presence of free -COO^-moieties and, acts as anion and bind with cationic moiety to produce polyelectrolyte complex. These are possible because it contains galactouronic acid. Polyelectrolyte complex is, used to control and sustain drug release²⁰. In tablet manufacturing, BFG acts as a binder,²¹ while in liquid form it is used as a stabilizer or suspending agent²². BFG is biocompatible, low cost, relatively ample available²³ as compared to their synthetic counterparts. Few pharmaceutical applications have been depicted in Table-6.

Table 6: Pharmaceutical applications of A. marmelos

Sr. No.	Drug	Formulations	Role of BFG	Effect	Ref
1.	Paracetamol	Tablet	Binder	Improved the hardness	24
2.	5-Fluorouracil	Microsphere	Carrier	Cross-linking	25
3.	Levamesole	Tablet	Mucoadhesive	Controlled release	26

General uses of A. marmelos:

A yellow color derived from unripe fruit rind is used in printing. Flowers are used for cooling beverages while stem gum is used for adhesion and bookbinding. Wood is used for house building, cart construction, combs, and different household articles. Leaves are used in chew sticks, toothbrushes, fodder. The entire tree is used as a barrier to wind²⁷.

Processed product:

Several such products have been made from A. marmelos. Bael fruit is used to prepare candy, fruit pulp, fruit squash, dry bael, RTS drink, panjijri, toffee, jam, slab, bael powder, etc.²⁷.

REPORTED PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

Antimicrobial and antiviral activity:

Bael extract shows antiviral as well as, antimicrobial activities^28,29. It is, active against, species like Escherichia coli (E. coli) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis³⁰. The essential oil obtained, from the A. marmelos leaves shown antifungal action against animal and human fungi such as Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum audounii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum cookie, Aspergillus flavus, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, and Histoplasma capsulatum. A. marmelos leaf extracts and fractions have revealed fungicidal activity against a range of clinical isolates of dermatophytic fungi. Various extracts of bael leaves, fruits, roots have been noted to be active against different bacterial strains. There are reports of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts made from plants. In 2009, Venkatesan et al. showed that ethanolic plus aqueous extract has an action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The aqueous extract show comparatively less activity than the ethanolic extract. Maximum antibacterial activity was shown against Bacillus subtilis followed by E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jyothi and Rao indicated that hexane, cold methanol, and hot methanol extracts have inhibited Entercococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecalis Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus growth in vitro. And also three extracts do not affect E. coli as well as Proteus vulgaris^31,32_.

Antidiarrhoeal activity:

Dry fruit pulp and powder are used to treat diarrhea. The dried-up powder is often used for diarrhea and constipation alternative⁷. Antidiarrhoeal activity of chloroform extract of root was performed in vitro and in vivo by Mazumder et al. The extract shows the same activity as ciprofloxacin and generally active against the strains of Vibrio cholera, as well as E. coli and Shigella spp^33,34. A. marmelos unripe fruit pulp affected the bacteria growth of the intestinal epithelium and the development and effect of some pathogens. It suggests the multiple different mechanisms of action of A. marmelos in communicable types of diarrhea thus validated its use in old Indian texts and continuing use by communities to cure diarrhoeal diseases³⁴.

Radioprotective effects:

The efficient employment of radiation therapy to treat cancer and palliative care is impaired by side effects occurring from the radiosensitivity of surrounding normal cells, which are usually subjected to the cytotoxic effects of ionization throughout therapy. In such a case, the use of radioprotective molecules that can protect normal cells from radiation injury is of considerable use. Radiation ill-effects are mainly because of the production of free radicals, and the antioxidant molecules that combat them are anticipated to be of tremendous benefit in their prevention. Abdullakasim et al. have noticed that fruit juice of A. marmelos had great measures of total phenolic compounds and is a good antioxidant. Transitional metals (iron) produce ROS using redox cycling. A. Marmelos is a strong chelator, and this may have led to the radioprotective and antioxidant effects observed. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation is critical in process of disease and involve free radicals, and research has shown that fruit leaf and extracts prevent radiation-induced peroxidation of lipid in the mice intestines, liver, kidneys, and spleens³¹. A. marmelos triggered concentration-dependent inhibition of H₂O₂ and iron-induced lipid peroxidation in mice. Leaf extract improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in normal mice and diabetic rats. Radiation induces an inflammatory reaction by mediators and stimulates important physiological and immunological pathways. Immunity loss can occur with the reduction of immunocompetent cells that can cause amoral microbial infections. Immune activation is a defensive method and immunostimulants improve the overall immunity of the host by providing an unspecific immune response to pathogenic organisms. A. marmelos leaf extract increased overall peritoneal macrophages as well as splenic lymphocyte counts in mice, indicating that it produces immunomodulatory impact³⁵.

Anticancer activity:

Cancer is a significant public health issue, the second-highest cause of death for both genders in both developed and developing countries. About 12.7 million new cases of various cancers (56 percent occurred in regions of development in the world) and 7.6 million cancer deaths (about 63 percent in regions under development) occurred in 2008. By 2020, forecasts report a 3-fold rise in the incidence of cancer, with a significant raise in cancer cases and deaths in developed countries with insufficient resources to address the issue. Studies have shown that the extract of Indian Bael has a major anti-proliferative impact. In vitro, it prevents the spread of tumor cell lines of human-like leukemia K562 and Tlymphoid Jurhat³⁶. While preclinical tests have shown that A. marmelos leaf extracts have been effective to inhibit the overall growth of various cancer cells³⁷.

Chemopreventive action:

Multiple experimental, as well as epidemiological reports, have shown that chemoprevention can provide an effective means of preventing cancer. A. marmelos fruit extracts have been found to have a preventive role against skin carcinogenesis induced by DMBA in mice. In Wistar rats, the methanolic extract of A. marmelos at a dose of 25 and 50mg/kg body weight was found to be effective to inhibit the diethylnitrosamine initiated and 2-acetyl aminofluorene promoted hepatocarcinogenesis. Studies have also revealed that the chemicals present in A. marmelos, such as limonene, citral, eugenol, lupeol, anthocyanins, and rutin have been found to possess chemopreventive effects³⁸.

Antipyretic potential:

Shukla et al. estimated the antipyretic properties of A. Marmelos in albino rats on pyrexia (caused by Brewer's yeast). They observed that at doses of 200mg/kg body weight and 400mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic extract induced a substantial (P<0.001) reduction in increased body temperature on a dose-dependent basis. This antipyretic effect of prepared extracts was similar to that of standard paracetamol (100mg/kg body weight)^17,39. Therefore, in the future it can be used as a potential antipyretic agent for the management of elevated body temperature.

Ulcer healing potential:

Bael fruits were used to treat peptic ulcers i.e. it creates a mucilaginous layer on the stomch gastric mucosa and prevents interaction of an acid with a mucosal layer⁴⁰. Using indomethacin-induced ulceration, stressed induced ulceration, pylorus ligation triggered ulcerations, the A. marmelos seeds extract (methanol and aqueous) anti-ulcer activity was considered by Sharma. In this work, the doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight, the methanolic extract of bael seed showed considerably (P<0.01) ulcer protective action in all animal models. The bael seed aqueous extract was also found considerably (P<0.05) ulcer healing property at the same doses (methanolic extract). A significant increase in pH, free acidity, and total acidity and reduction in the volume of gastric juice was found in pylorus ligated rats. The antiulcer properties of both extracts were due to the existence of quercetin-like (flavonoid) contents. Further research suggested that A. marmelos fruit pulp extract-treated albino rats display a substantial decrease in catalase activity, superoxide dismutase, mucosal thickness, and glutathione levels. A significant boost in alanine aminotransferase, lipid peroxidation activity, aspartate aminotransferase, ulcer index was also observed. It concludes that antiulcerogenic properties and gastroduodenal protective of A. marmelos may depend on an antioxidant mechanism^38,41. Consequently, in the future, it can be used as a potential ulcer healing agent.

Antigenotoxic activity:

Using E. coli PQ37 (SOS chromotest) and the peripheral human blood lymphocytes (Comet assay) Kaur et al. tested the antigenotoxic activity of A. marmelos fruit extracts. Acetone and methanol extract decreases the SOS response triggered by hydrogen peroxide and aflatoxin B1 in the SOS chromotest. Genotoxicity of H₂O₂ and aflatoxin B1 was inhibited by methanol extract by 70.48% and 84.65% respectively. These extracts exhibited a major fall in the tail moment by hydrogen peroxide (9μmol/L) carried out by single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. The antigenotoxic activity showed by the extracts can be due to the different polyphenolic compounds present in these extracts. Such compounds can protect DNA from S9-dependent mutagens and ROS. Several studies have shown that polyphenol-rich extracts can reduce the enzyme activity involved in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1⁴². So, in the future, it can be used as a potential antigenotoxic.

Diuretic activity:

The diuretic function of several organic extracts and their parts of A. marmelos was examined in experimental models. Extracts were given intraperitoneally at doses of 500, 400, 300, and mg/kg to experimental animals (rats). Hence, the diuretic effect by measuring urine volume and sodium content in urine was estimated. It was found that ethanolic extract produces a considerable increase in excretion of sodium at a higher dose (500mg/kg). Ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether portions are also efficient⁴³.

Antifertility activity:

A. marmelos leaf, seed, and fruit are considered to have a reversible effect on male fertility. Fagarine and marmin are obtained from A. marmelos bark extract and reduce male fertility. Agrawal et al. have found that by reducing reproductive organ weight and serum testosterone levels A. marmelos methanol extract induces dose and duration-dependent infertility. They also record reductions in sperm viability, density, motility, and sperm acrosomal integrity. Elongated spermatids exfoliation, condensation of nuclear chromatin, and degeneration were observed in test histopathological studies and the formation of spaces inside the germ epithelium, suggesting testicular cytotoxicity and necrosis. And time-dependent complete infertility was observed in the study. The authors also stated that the complete restoration of both morphological and physiological parameters in extracted rats was observed after the withdrawal of medication. These results indicate that the extract of A. marmelos is a good candidate for male contraception by its capability to induce full pregnancy inhibition, rapid recovery of fertility after removal from treatment^38,44.

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Various organic extracts of A. marmelos leaves have a very subacute and strong acute anti-inflammatory activity. A. marmelos has demonstrated substantial anti-inflammatory activity and maybe a potential anti-inflammatory agent in chronic and acute inflammatory animal models it may be by the presence of lupeol and skimmianine. Histamine receptor activation is crucial for asthmatic and allergic evidence. An alcoholic extract from A. marmelos leaves have antagonized histamine-induced contractions and exhibited a positive relaxant effect in an isolated tracheal chain and guinea pig ileum, indicating inhibition of the function of the H1 receptor that this extract can underline these effects⁴⁵. The anti-inflammatory property was investigated using the serial extracts of the A. marmelos leaves. The antipyretic and analgesic properties were also assessed. Many extracts of A. marmelos caused a carrageenan-induced paw edema major inhibition and cotton pellet granuloma in rats⁴⁶.

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity:

The A. marmelos exhibited remarkable antioxidant acitivty^47,48. A. marmelos fruit (AEAM) aqueous extract demonstrates the hypoglycemic⁴⁹ and antioxidant effect in albino rats^50,51.

Cardioprotective effects:

By the administration of leaf extract to an experimental animal in isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction, the cardioprotective effect was estimated⁵².

Hepatoprotective activity:

The experiments were conducted with four classes of animals. The experimental animals were administered 30 percent ethyl alcohol for 40 days and the fine raw leaf powder was fed to the animals for the next 21 days. The experimental results show that A. marmelos leaves have an excellent hepatoprotective activity⁵³.

Immunomodulatory activity:

A. marmelos fruit (MEAM) methanolic extract was used to carry Immunomodulatory action by neutrophil adhesion test plus carbon clearance assay. Whereas, humoral immunity was examined by mice lethality test plus indirect haemagglutination assay⁵⁴.

Insecticidal activity:

The insecticidal operation was conducted to assess the potential for the use of essential oil from A. marmelos leaves to control insect infestation of wheat from Rhyzoperthadominica (F) and stored grams from Callosobruchuschinensis (L)⁵⁵.

Testicular activity:

A. marmelos aqueous leaf extract at 50 mg per 100 g body weight resulted in a major decrease in the main testicular steroidogenic enzyme activity along with a low level of plasma testosterone and relative wet weight of sex organs, without any significant alteration in overall body development⁵⁶.

Wound healing:

The effect of methanol extract administration ointment and injection of A. marmelos by topical and intraperitoneal route was examined in two forms of wound copies i.e. excision and incision wound models in rats⁵⁷.

Anxiolytic and antidepressant activity:

This research aimed to assess the anxiolytic and antidepressant efficacy of A. marmelos methanol extract (MEAM) as well as its interaction with traditional antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs using an elevated maze and tail suspension tests in mice⁵⁸.

Eye infection:

The leaves of A. marmelos gives effective management for ophthalmia as well as various eye inflammations (ex. Conjunctivitis)⁵⁹.

Ear infection:

The A. marmelos root has astringent activity and is used as a home therapy for ear problems healing. The astringent extract of these roots combined with Neem extract (with antiseptic properties) helps to treat ear infection, chronic inflammation, and pus discharge. To treat ear infection leaf juice is stored in oil is frequently used as ear drops⁶⁰.

Anti burn and radio protecting:

For the effective treatment of burn Bael fruit gum powder when mixed with mustard oil is used externally. It was concluded in various studies that because of free scavenging activity, the bael fruits shows a radioprotective effect.

Marketed formulations:

Some of the A. marmelos marketed formulations like tablets, syrups, capsules, etc. produced by different companies are listed below.

Table 7: Marketed formulations of A. marmelos

Marketed formulations	Company Name
Chyawanprash	Himalaya
A. Marmelos Capsulses	La-Medicca (India) Pvt. Limited
Leucare capsules	Shrey Nutraceuticals &Herbals
Entrostat Syrup	Ambika Medico
Kof-Rid Syrup	Ambika Medico
Pregeight	Sydler Remedies Pvt. Ltd.
Ojamin	Tates Remedies
Manasamithravatakram	Oushadhi
Pushyanugam gulika	Oushadhi
Vilwadigulika	Oushadhi
Ulco Bliss Tablets	Bliss Ayurveda
Capsule BilvGiri	Ayurvedic Sanjivani
R-Qunol Syrup	Vatsal Ayurvedic Products (P)ltd

Economical aspects of A. marmelos:

In light of background studies, novel and new herbal medicines still are required to treat diseases due to the high cost of synthetic medicines with some regular side effects. Herbal drugs are abundantly available as they are cheap and have small side effects. They have vast pharmacological and biological properties⁶². A. marmelos has curative properties including anti-diarrheal, laxative, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, anti-spermatogenic, radio-protective, to treat peptic ulcer, to treat respiratory disorders, etc.⁴. Its photochemical studies have stated that this plant contains more than 100 essential chemical constituents responsible for its medicinal properties. Phytochemical studies on A. marmelos reported the presence of certain vital constituents like tannins, reducing sugar, phlobatannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, lignin, fat, oil, inulin, proteins, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids responsible for its therapeutic value. Another study reported that protein, fiber, sugar, water, phosphorus, calcium, fat, iron, potassium, minerals, and vitamins (A, B1, B2, C) are present in fruit, which is a good source of energy and also has antioxidant activity⁶³. Almost all parts including leaves, fruit, roots, and stem are used for therapeutic purposes. Nutritional drinks and Foods like dehydrated bael, fruit pulp, fruit squash, and RTS drink, jam, slab, bael powder, toffee, and panjiri is another product made from bael fruit²⁷.

CONCLUSION:

Fast-growing populations, inadequate supply of medicines, side effects of many allopathic drugs, and ever-increasing resistance to current drugs for diseases are direct to the use of plant materials as a source of medicines for human beings. Historically, A. marmelos has been used for several ethnobotanical purposes. At present, A. marmelos has become an important source of medicine to cure various human and animal diseases. Apart from exploring possibilities for the preparation of generics drugs by the use of different plant parts of A. marmelos, the manufacture of the jam by the use of its fruit should be promoted as a health tonic on a commercial scale. Unfortunately, most of the compounds have not been adequately tested to discover lead molecules/pharmacophores. As a result, a thorough study is needed to establish the mechanisms of action as well as the bioactivity of the various phytochemicals and the efficacy of the medicinal values of A. marmelos. Besides, the pharmaceutical applications of different parts of A. marmelos are gaining much attraction from researchers. In the future, it would be an excellent pharmaceutical carrier for designing pharmaceutical dosage forms. Thus, shortly A. marmelos could be further misused as a source of useful phytochemicals compounds and can play a significant role in the modern system of medicine.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None to declare.

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Received on 01.01.2021 Modified on 09.02.2021

Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 11(2):166-174.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2021.00028

Kingdom	Plantae
Order	Sapindales
Family	Rutaceace
Subfamily	Aurantioideae
Genus	Aegle
Species	Aegle marmelos

Language	*Vernacular names of A. marmelos*
English	Bael fruit, Bengal quince, Indian quince, Golden apple, Stone apple
Hindi	Sirphal, Bel, Bili, and Bela
Sanskrit-	Asholam, Atimangaliya, Bilva, Adhararutha
Gujarat	Billi
Telugu	Maredu, Sailushamu, Bilvumu, Maluramu, Sandiliyamu, Sriphalamu
Tamil	Iyalbudi, Aluvigam, Kuvilam, Vilwam, Villuvam, Mavilangai
Malayalam	Koovalam, Vilwam
Bengal	Bel, Bael
Kannada	Bilva, Bela
Orissa	Belo